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compulsory · CSS study notes

Set 9 — Recant to Superfluous

1. RECANT (v.)

  • Urdu: اپنے بیان سے رجوع کرنا
  • Meaning: to withdraw a former statement or belief
  • Synonyms: retract, withdraw, renounce, disavow, revoke
  • Antonyms: affirm, maintain, uphold, reiterate
  • Use: Under pressure, the witness recanted his statement.

2. RECIPROCATE (v.)

  • Urdu: جواب میں ویسا ہی کرنا
  • Meaning: to respond in kind
  • Synonyms: return, repay, requite, match, respond
  • Antonyms: ignore, withhold, rebuff
  • Use: Islamabad reciprocated the gesture within a week.

3. REDUNDANT (adj.)

  • Urdu: زائد، غیر ضروری
  • Meaning: no longer needed; superfluous
  • Synonyms: superfluous, unnecessary, surplus, excess, needless
  • Antonyms: essential, necessary, required, indispensable
  • Use: "Return back" is redundant; "return" is enough.

4. REFUTE (v.)

  • Urdu: تردید کرنا، غلط ثابت کرنا
  • Meaning: to prove a claim wrong
  • Synonyms: disprove, rebut, contradict, discredit, invalidate
  • Antonyms: prove, confirm, verify, corroborate
  • Use: Census figures refute the minister's claim.

5. RELEGATE (v.)

  • Urdu: کمتر درجے پر ڈالنا
  • Meaning: to consign to a lower rank or position
  • Synonyms: demote, downgrade, consign, sideline, banish
  • Antonyms: promote, elevate, upgrade, advance
  • Use: Environmental concerns were relegated to a footnote.

6. RELINQUISH (v.)

  • Urdu: دستبردار ہونا
  • Meaning: to give up voluntarily
  • Synonyms: surrender, renounce, cede, abandon, forgo
  • Antonyms: retain, keep, seize, hold
  • Use: He relinquished his claim to the property.

7. REMORSE (n.)

  • Urdu: پچھتاوا، ندامت
  • Meaning: deep regret for wrongdoing
  • Synonyms: regret, contrition, repentance, penitence, guilt
  • Antonyms: indifference, callousness, satisfaction
  • Use: He expressed no remorse for the damage caused.

8. REPREHENSIBLE (adj.)

  • Urdu: قابلِ مذمت
  • Meaning: deserving strong condemnation
  • Synonyms: deplorable, blameworthy, disgraceful, shameful, culpable
  • Antonyms: praiseworthy, commendable, admirable, laudable
  • Use: Withholding relief goods is reprehensible.

9. REPUDIATE (v.)

  • Urdu: مسترد کرنا، انکار کرنا
  • Meaning: to refuse to accept or be associated with
  • Synonyms: reject, disown, renounce, disavow, deny
  • Antonyms: accept, acknowledge, endorse, embrace
  • Use: The party repudiated the statement attributed to it.

10. RESCIND (v.)

  • Urdu: منسوخ کرنا
  • Meaning: to cancel or revoke officially
  • Synonyms: revoke, repeal, annul, cancel, overturn
  • Antonyms: enact, uphold, confirm, validate
  • Use: The notification was rescinded the next morning.

11. RESILIENT (adj.)

  • Urdu: جلد سنبھل جانے والا
  • Meaning: able to recover quickly
  • Synonyms: tough, hardy, buoyant, adaptable, strong
  • Antonyms: fragile, vulnerable, brittle, weak
  • Use: Our farmers have proved remarkably resilient.

12. RETICENT (adj.)

  • Urdu: کم گو، کم بولنے والا
  • Meaning: not revealing one's thoughts
  • Synonyms: reserved, taciturn, uncommunicative, guarded, restrained
  • Antonyms: talkative, forthcoming, open, candid
  • Use: Officials were reticent about the negotiations.

13. RHETORIC (n.)

  • Urdu: خطابت، خالی لفاظی
  • Meaning: persuasive speech, often lacking substance
  • Synonyms: oratory, eloquence, bombast, grandiloquence, verbiage
  • Antonyms: substance, action, plain speech
  • Use: The country needs delivery, not rhetoric.

14. RIGOROUS (adj.)

  • Urdu: سخت، باریک بینی سے
  • Meaning: extremely thorough or strict
  • Synonyms: thorough, meticulous, strict, exacting, stringent
  • Antonyms: lax, lenient, careless, superficial
  • Use: Rigorous testing precedes any drug approval.

15. SAGACIOUS (adj.)

  • Urdu: دانا، عقلمند
  • Meaning: having keen judgement
  • Synonyms: wise, shrewd, astute, judicious, perceptive
  • Antonyms: foolish, unwise, obtuse, naive
  • Use: His sagacious advice saved the company.

16. SALIENT (adj.)

  • Urdu: نمایاں، اہم ترین
  • Meaning: most noticeable or important
  • Synonyms: prominent, notable, chief, conspicuous, key
  • Antonyms: minor, trivial, inconspicuous, unimportant
  • Use: Mention the salient points first in the summary.

17. SANGUINE (adj.)

  • Urdu: پرامید، خوش بیں
  • Meaning: optimistic, especially in a difficult situation
  • Synonyms: optimistic, hopeful, confident, buoyant, positive
  • Antonyms: pessimistic, gloomy, despondent, downcast
  • Use: Exporters remain sanguine about next quarter.

18. SARDONIC (adj.)

  • Urdu: طنزیہ، تمسخر آمیز
  • Meaning: grimly mocking
  • Synonyms: mocking, sarcastic, cynical, scornful, sneering
  • Antonyms: sincere, earnest, respectful, warm
  • Use: He made a sardonic comment about the "new" scheme.

19. SCRUPULOUS (adj.)

  • Urdu: بااصول، نہایت محتاط
  • Meaning: very careful and morally upright
  • Synonyms: meticulous, conscientious, principled, honest, punctilious
  • Antonyms: unscrupulous, careless, dishonest, negligent
  • Use: She is scrupulous about declaring every expense.

20. SCRUTINIZE (v.)

  • Urdu: بغور جائزہ لینا
  • Meaning: to examine closely
  • Synonyms: examine, inspect, study, analyse, probe
  • Antonyms: skim, glance, ignore, overlook
  • Use: Parliament should scrutinize every supplementary grant.

21. SPORADIC (adj.)

  • Urdu: کبھی کبھار، غیر مسلسل
  • Meaning: occurring at irregular intervals
  • Synonyms: intermittent, occasional, irregular, scattered, infrequent
  • Antonyms: continuous, constant, regular, frequent
  • Use: Sporadic power cuts continued all summer.

22. SPURIOUS (adj.)

  • Urdu: جعلی، بے بنیاد
  • Meaning: false or fake; based on faulty reasoning
  • Synonyms: fake, bogus, counterfeit, false, fallacious
  • Antonyms: genuine, authentic, valid, real
  • Use: The claim rests on a spurious correlation.

23. SQUANDER (v.)

  • Urdu: ضائع کرنا، اڑا دینا
  • Meaning: to waste recklessly
  • Synonyms: waste, fritter away, dissipate, misspend, throw away
  • Antonyms: save, conserve, preserve, husband
  • Use: We squandered a decade of cheap borrowing.

24. STAGNANT (adj.)

  • Urdu: جمود کا شکار، رکا ہوا
  • Meaning: not flowing or developing
  • Synonyms: static, still, inactive, sluggish, motionless
  • Antonyms: flowing, dynamic, thriving, growing
  • Use: Real wages have remained stagnant for years.

25. STOIC (adj./n.)

  • Urdu: صابر، دکھ برداشت کرنے والا
  • Meaning: enduring hardship without complaint
  • Synonyms: uncomplaining, patient, impassive, forbearing, resigned
  • Antonyms: complaining, emotional, impatient, excitable
  • Use: The family bore the loss with stoic patience.

26. STRINGENT (adj.)

  • Urdu: سخت، کڑا
  • Meaning: strict and precise
  • Synonyms: strict, rigorous, tough, severe, exacting
  • Antonyms: lax, lenient, relaxed, flexible
  • Use: Stringent quality checks improved export earnings.

27. SUBJUGATE (v.)

  • Urdu: محکوم کرنا
  • Meaning: to bring under domination
  • Synonyms: conquer, subdue, oppress, enslave, dominate
  • Antonyms: liberate, free, emancipate, release
  • Use: No nation can be subjugated forever.

28. SUBSTANTIATE (v.)

  • Urdu: ثابت کرنا، ثبوت دینا
  • Meaning: to support with evidence
  • Synonyms: prove, verify, corroborate, confirm, validate
  • Antonyms: disprove, refute, contradict, undermine
  • Use: He could not substantiate the allegation.

29. SUBTLE (adj.)

  • Urdu: باریک، لطیف
  • Meaning: delicate and not obvious
  • Synonyms: delicate, fine, nuanced, understated, slight
  • Antonyms: obvious, blatant, crude, glaring
  • Use: There is a subtle shift in the government's tone.

30. SUPERFLUOUS (adj.)

  • Urdu: زائد، غیر ضروری
  • Meaning: more than is needed
  • Synonyms: redundant, unnecessary, surplus, excess, needless
  • Antonyms: essential, necessary, vital, required
  • Use: A précis must contain nothing superfluous.