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compulsory · CSS study notes

Set 4 — Ephemeral to Garrulous

1. EPHEMERAL (adj.)

  • Urdu: عارضی، چند روزہ
  • Meaning: lasting for a very short time
  • Synonyms: fleeting, transient, short-lived, momentary, transitory
  • Antonyms: permanent, enduring, everlasting, perpetual
  • Use: Online fame is ephemeral.

2. EQUIVOCATE (v.)

  • Urdu: گول مول بات کرنا
  • Meaning: to use ambiguous language to conceal the truth
  • Synonyms: prevaricate, hedge, evade, dodge, waffle
  • Antonyms: be direct, be frank, speak plainly
  • Use: The witness equivocated under cross-examination.

3. ERUDITE (adj.)

  • Urdu: عالم، فاضل
  • Meaning: having or showing great knowledge
  • Synonyms: learned, scholarly, well-read, knowledgeable, educated
  • Antonyms: ignorant, illiterate, uneducated, unlettered
  • Use: The erudite professor quoted three languages in one lecture.

4. ESOTERIC (adj.)

  • Urdu: خاص لوگوں تک محدود، دقیق
  • Meaning: understood by only a small group with special knowledge
  • Synonyms: abstruse, arcane, obscure, recondite, specialized
  • Antonyms: familiar, common, accessible, popular
  • Use: Avoid esoteric terms in a general essay.

5. EULOGY (n.)

  • Urdu: قصیدہ، تعریفی تقریر
  • Meaning: a speech or writing in high praise, often of the dead
  • Synonyms: tribute, panegyric, encomium, praise, commendation
  • Antonyms: criticism, censure, diatribe, condemnation
  • Use: He delivered a moving eulogy at the funeral.

6. EUPHEMISM (n.)

  • Urdu: نرم لفظ، حسنِ تعبیر
  • Meaning: a mild word used in place of a harsh one
  • Synonyms: polite term, substitute, understatement, softening
  • Antonyms: dysphemism, blunt term, plain speech
  • Use: "Downsizing" is a euphemism for sacking workers.

7. EXACERBATE (v.)

  • Urdu: مزید بگاڑ دینا، شدت دینا
  • Meaning: to make a problem worse
  • Synonyms: worsen, aggravate, inflame, intensify, compound
  • Antonyms: alleviate, ease, mitigate, improve
  • Use: Deforestation exacerbated the flooding.

8. EXCULPATE (v.)

  • Urdu: بری الذمہ قرار دینا
  • Meaning: to clear from blame
  • Synonyms: exonerate, acquit, absolve, clear, vindicate
  • Antonyms: blame, convict, incriminate, accuse
  • Use: New evidence exculpated the accused.

9. EXEMPLARY (adj.)

  • Urdu: مثالی؛ عبرت ناک (سزا)
  • Meaning: serving as a desirable model; (of punishment) serving as a warning
  • Synonyms: model, ideal, outstanding, commendable; deterrent
  • Antonyms: poor, unsatisfactory, disgraceful
  • Use: His conduct in office was exemplary.

10. EXHAUSTIVE (adj.)

  • Urdu: جامع، ہمہ گیر
  • Meaning: fully comprehensive
  • Synonyms: thorough, comprehensive, complete, detailed, all-embracing
  • Antonyms: superficial, partial, cursory, incomplete
  • Use: The committee carried out an exhaustive review.
  • ⚠️ Trap: exhaustive (thorough) ≠ exhausting (tiring).

11. EXONERATE (v.)

  • Urdu: بری کرنا، الزام سے پاک قرار دینا
  • Meaning: to absolve from blame
  • Synonyms: acquit, absolve, clear, exculpate, discharge
  • Antonyms: convict, blame, charge, incriminate
  • Use: The tribunal exonerated him of all charges.

12. EXPEDITE (v.)

  • Urdu: تیز کرنا، جلد نمٹانا
  • Meaning: to make happen sooner
  • Synonyms: hasten, accelerate, speed up, facilitate, fast-track
  • Antonyms: delay, hinder, slow, obstruct
  • Use: NADRA expedited the issuance of ID cards after the floods.

13. EXTOL (v.)

  • Urdu: بہت تعریف کرنا، سراہنا
  • Meaning: to praise highly
  • Synonyms: praise, laud, glorify, acclaim, eulogize
  • Antonyms: criticize, condemn, disparage, denounce
  • Use: The article extols the virtues of local government.

14. EXTRANEOUS (adj.)

  • Urdu: غیر متعلق، زائد
  • Meaning: irrelevant; coming from outside
  • Synonyms: irrelevant, unrelated, immaterial, external, superfluous
  • Antonyms: relevant, pertinent, essential, intrinsic
  • Use: Cut extraneous detail from the summary.

15. FACETIOUS (adj.)

  • Urdu: بے موقع مذاق کرنے والا
  • Meaning: treating a serious matter with inappropriate humour
  • Synonyms: flippant, frivolous, jocular, tongue-in-cheek, glib
  • Antonyms: serious, earnest, solemn, grave
  • Use: His facetious remark at the funeral offended everyone.

16. FALLACIOUS (adj.)

  • Urdu: غلط، مغالطہ آمیز
  • Meaning: based on a mistaken belief or faulty reasoning
  • Synonyms: erroneous, false, misleading, specious, unsound
  • Antonyms: sound, valid, correct, logical
  • Use: The argument rests on a fallacious assumption.

17. FASTIDIOUS (adj.)

  • Urdu: نکتہ چیں، بہت نفاست پسند
  • Meaning: very attentive to detail; hard to please
  • Synonyms: meticulous, fussy, particular, finicky, punctilious
  • Antonyms: careless, slovenly, easy-going, untidy
  • Use: He is fastidious about his handwriting.

18. FATUOUS (adj.)

  • Urdu: احمقانہ، بے وقوفانہ
  • Meaning: silly and pointless
  • Synonyms: foolish, inane, silly, stupid, asinine
  • Antonyms: sensible, intelligent, wise, thoughtful
  • Use: The anchor asked a fatuous question.

19. FEASIBLE (adj.)

  • Urdu: قابلِ عمل
  • Meaning: possible to do easily or conveniently
  • Synonyms: practicable, viable, workable, achievable, realistic
  • Antonyms: impractical, unworkable, impossible, unfeasible
  • Use: A metro line is not feasible for a town this small.

20. FERVENT (adj.)

  • Urdu: پرجوش، پرخلوص
  • Meaning: having intense feeling
  • Synonyms: passionate, ardent, zealous, intense, earnest
  • Antonyms: apathetic, indifferent, half-hearted, cool
  • Use: He is a fervent supporter of free education.

21. FICKLE (adj.)

  • Urdu: بدلتا رہنے والا، بے ثبات
  • Meaning: changing frequently in loyalty or affection
  • Synonyms: capricious, inconstant, changeable, unpredictable, volatile
  • Antonyms: constant, loyal, steadfast, dependable
  • Use: Public opinion is fickle in election season.

22. FLAGRANT (adj.)

  • Urdu: کھلمِ کھلا، صریح
  • Meaning: conspicuously offensive
  • Synonyms: blatant, glaring, egregious, brazen, open
  • Antonyms: subtle, concealed, slight, minor
  • Use: It was a flagrant violation of the agreement.

23. FLOUT (v.)

  • Urdu: علانیہ خلاف ورزی کرنا
  • Meaning: to openly disregard a rule
  • Synonyms: defy, disobey, violate, breach, scorn
  • Antonyms: obey, observe, respect, comply
  • Use: Motorcyclists routinely flout traffic laws.
  • ⚠️ Trap: flout (disobey) ≠ flaunt (show off).

24. FOMENT (v.)

  • Urdu: بھڑکانا، اشتعال دینا
  • Meaning: to stir up trouble
  • Synonyms: incite, provoke, instigate, stir up, agitate
  • Antonyms: quell, suppress, calm, pacify
  • Use: Hostile propaganda tried to foment unrest.

25. FRUGAL (adj.)

  • Urdu: کفایت شعار، متوسط خرچ
  • Meaning: economical with money or food
  • Synonyms: thrifty, economical, sparing, prudent, careful
  • Antonyms: extravagant, wasteful, lavish, prodigal
  • Use: His frugal habits helped him save for a house.

26. FURTIVE (adj.)

  • Urdu: چوری چھپے، خفیہ
  • Meaning: attempting to avoid notice; secretive
  • Synonyms: stealthy, surreptitious, sly, covert, clandestine
  • Antonyms: open, overt, frank, blatant
  • Use: He cast a furtive glance at the examiner.

27. FUTILE (adj.)

  • Urdu: بے سود، لا حاصل
  • Meaning: producing no useful result
  • Synonyms: pointless, useless, vain, fruitless, ineffective
  • Antonyms: useful, effective, fruitful, productive
  • Use: Protest without a plan is futile.

28. GARGANTUAN (adj.)

  • Urdu: جسیم، بہت بڑا
  • Meaning: enormous
  • Synonyms: huge, colossal, massive, immense, titanic
  • Antonyms: tiny, minute, small, minuscule
  • Use: The country faces a gargantuan debt burden.

29. GARNER (v.)

  • Urdu: جمع کرنا، حاصل کرنا
  • Meaning: to gather or collect
  • Synonyms: collect, gather, accumulate, amass, acquire
  • Antonyms: scatter, disperse, lose, squander
  • Use: The film garnered praise at international festivals.

30. GARRULOUS (adj.)

  • Urdu: باتونی، زیادہ بولنے والا
  • Meaning: excessively talkative, especially about trivia
  • Synonyms: talkative, loquacious, voluble, chatty, verbose
  • Antonyms: taciturn, reticent, quiet, laconic
  • Use: The garrulous shopkeeper told us his whole life story.