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compulsory · CSS study notes

Set 5 — Germane to Incisive

1. GERMANE (adj.)

  • Urdu: متعلقہ، موزوں
  • Meaning: relevant to the subject
  • Synonyms: relevant, pertinent, apposite, applicable, material
  • Antonyms: irrelevant, extraneous, unrelated, immaterial
  • Use: Keep only the points germane to the question.

2. GLIB (adj.)

  • Urdu: چرب زبان، سطحی روانی والا
  • Meaning: fluent but insincere or shallow
  • Synonyms: slick, smooth-talking, facile, superficial, plausible
  • Antonyms: sincere, thoughtful, profound, halting
  • Use: Voters see through glib promises.

3. GRANDIOSE (adj.)

  • Urdu: شاندار مگر نمائشی، مبالغہ آمیز
  • Meaning: impressive in an exaggerated, pretentious way
  • Synonyms: pompous, pretentious, ostentatious, ambitious, bombastic
  • Antonyms: modest, humble, simple, unpretentious
  • Use: Grandiose schemes are announced and then abandoned.

4. GREGARIOUS (adj.)

  • Urdu: ملنسار، مجلسی
  • Meaning: fond of company; sociable
  • Synonyms: sociable, outgoing, convivial, friendly, companionable
  • Antonyms: reclusive, solitary, unsociable, withdrawn
  • Use: A gregarious officer builds a wide network.

5. GUILE (n.)

  • Urdu: مکاری، دھوکہ
  • Meaning: sly or cunning intelligence
  • Synonyms: cunning, craftiness, deceit, duplicity, trickery
  • Antonyms: honesty, sincerity, candour, ingenuousness
  • Use: He won the contract by guile, not merit.

6. HACKNEYED (adj.)

  • Urdu: گھسا پٹا، باسی
  • Meaning: overused and therefore lacking impact
  • Synonyms: trite, clichéd, banal, stale, overused
  • Antonyms: original, fresh, novel, innovative
  • Use: "Time and tide wait for none" is a hackneyed opening.

7. HAPLESS (adj.)

  • Urdu: بدقسمت، بے بس
  • Meaning: unfortunate
  • Synonyms: unlucky, unfortunate, wretched, luckless, ill-fated
  • Antonyms: lucky, fortunate, blessed, prosperous
  • Use: Hapless commuters waited hours in the rain.

8. HARANGUE (n./v.)

  • Urdu: لمبی غصیلی تقریر
  • Meaning: a lengthy, aggressive speech
  • Synonyms: tirade, diatribe, lecture, rant, sermon
  • Antonyms: praise, compliment, brief remark
  • Use: The principal delivered a harangue on discipline.

9. HAUGHTY (adj.)

  • Urdu: مغرور، متکبر
  • Meaning: arrogantly superior
  • Synonyms: arrogant, proud, disdainful, supercilious, conceited
  • Antonyms: humble, modest, meek, unassuming
  • Use: His haughty manner cost him friends.

10. HERESY (n.)

  • Urdu: بدعت، مروجہ عقیدے سے انحراف
  • Meaning: a belief that contradicts accepted doctrine
  • Synonyms: dissent, heterodoxy, unorthodoxy, nonconformity, apostasy
  • Antonyms: orthodoxy, conformity, doctrine
  • Use: In economics, questioning growth was once treated as heresy.

11. HIATUS (n.)

  • Urdu: وقفہ، خلا
  • Meaning: a pause or gap in continuity
  • Synonyms: break, gap, interval, lull, interruption
  • Antonyms: continuation, continuity, flow
  • Use: The talks resumed after a two-year hiatus.

12. HOMOGENEOUS (adj.)

  • Urdu: یکساں، ہم جنس
  • Meaning: of the same kind throughout
  • Synonyms: uniform, similar, consistent, alike, unvaried
  • Antonyms: heterogeneous, diverse, mixed, varied
  • Use: No country is culturally homogeneous.

13. HYPERBOLE (n.)

  • Urdu: مبالغہ آرائی
  • Meaning: deliberate exaggeration for effect
  • Synonyms: exaggeration, overstatement, embellishment, magnification
  • Antonyms: understatement, litotes, restraint
  • Use: Election speeches are full of hyperbole.

14. ICONOCLAST (n.)

  • Urdu: روایت شکن، بت شکن
  • Meaning: a person who attacks cherished beliefs
  • Synonyms: rebel, dissenter, critic, nonconformist, heretic
  • Antonyms: conformist, traditionalist, follower
  • Use: Sir Syed was an iconoclast of his age.

15. IDIOSYNCRASY (n.)

  • Urdu: انفرادی عادت، انوکھا پن
  • Meaning: a peculiar habit of an individual
  • Synonyms: quirk, peculiarity, eccentricity, mannerism, trait
  • Antonyms: conformity, normality, regularity
  • Use: Every writer has stylistic idiosyncrasies.

16. IGNOMINY (n.)

  • Urdu: رسوائی، ذلت
  • Meaning: public shame or disgrace
  • Synonyms: disgrace, humiliation, dishonour, shame, infamy
  • Antonyms: honour, glory, credit, esteem
  • Use: The team suffered the ignominy of defeat at home.

17. IMMUTABLE (adj.)

  • Urdu: ناقابلِ تغیر
  • Meaning: unchanging over time
  • Synonyms: unchangeable, fixed, permanent, invariable, constant
  • Antonyms: changeable, variable, mutable, flexible
  • Use: No constitution is immutable.

18. IMPARTIAL (adj.)

  • Urdu: غیر جانبدار
  • Meaning: treating all equally; unbiased
  • Synonyms: unbiased, neutral, objective, fair, disinterested
  • Antonyms: biased, partial, prejudiced, partisan
  • Use: An impartial umpire is the soul of the game.

19. IMPECCABLE (adj.)

  • Urdu: بے عیب، بے داغ
  • Meaning: faultless
  • Synonyms: flawless, perfect, spotless, unblemished, exemplary
  • Antonyms: flawed, faulty, imperfect, blemished
  • Use: Her English pronunciation is impeccable.

20. IMPEDE (v.)

  • Urdu: رکاوٹ ڈالنا
  • Meaning: to delay or obstruct
  • Synonyms: hinder, obstruct, hamper, block, retard
  • Antonyms: assist, facilitate, aid, expedite
  • Use: Poor roads impede the movement of goods.

21. IMPERATIVE (adj./n.)

  • Urdu: ناگزیر، لازمی
  • Meaning: of vital importance; essential
  • Synonyms: essential, crucial, vital, urgent, obligatory
  • Antonyms: optional, unimportant, unnecessary, voluntary
  • Use: Tax reform is imperative for growth.

22. IMPERIOUS (adj.)

  • Urdu: حاکمانہ، حکم چلانے والا
  • Meaning: arrogantly commanding
  • Synonyms: domineering, overbearing, high-handed, peremptory, autocratic
  • Antonyms: humble, meek, submissive, deferential
  • Use: He issued orders in an imperious tone.

23. IMPERVIOUS (adj.)

  • Urdu: ناقابلِ رسائی؛ بے اثر
  • Meaning: not allowing entry; not affected by
  • Synonyms: impenetrable, watertight; unaffected, immune, resistant
  • Antonyms: permeable, porous; susceptible, sensitive
  • Use: He seems impervious to criticism.

24. IMPETUOUS (adj.)

  • Urdu: جلد باز، بے صبر
  • Meaning: acting quickly without thought
  • Synonyms: impulsive, rash, hasty, reckless, headstrong
  • Antonyms: cautious, deliberate, careful, considered
  • Use: An impetuous tweet triggered a diplomatic row.

25. IMPLACABLE (adj.)

  • Urdu: نہ ماننے والا، سخت دشمن
  • Meaning: unable to be appeased
  • Synonyms: unrelenting, unforgiving, ruthless, inexorable, remorseless
  • Antonyms: forgiving, merciful, lenient, yielding
  • Use: They remained implacable foes for decades.

26. IMPLICIT (adj.)

  • Urdu: ضمنی، ناگفتہ
  • Meaning: implied though not directly expressed
  • Synonyms: implied, tacit, unspoken, inferred, understood
  • Antonyms: explicit, express, stated, direct
  • Use: There was an implicit threat in the letter.

27. IMPROMPTU (adj./adv.)

  • Urdu: برجستہ، بغیر تیاری کے
  • Meaning: done without preparation
  • Synonyms: spontaneous, unrehearsed, extempore, improvised, offhand
  • Antonyms: planned, rehearsed, prepared, scripted
  • Use: He gave an impromptu speech at the ceremony.

28. INADVERTENT (adj.)

  • Urdu: غیر ارادی، سہواً
  • Meaning: not resulting from deliberate planning
  • Synonyms: unintentional, accidental, unwitting, careless, unplanned
  • Antonyms: deliberate, intentional, planned, conscious
  • Use: An inadvertent error crept into the final list.

29. INCESSANT (adj.)

  • Urdu: مسلسل، نہ رکنے والا
  • Meaning: continuing without interruption
  • Synonyms: constant, ceaseless, unremitting, continual, relentless
  • Antonyms: intermittent, occasional, sporadic, periodic
  • Use: Incessant rain flooded the low-lying areas.

30. INCISIVE (adj.)

  • Urdu: باریک بین، کاٹ دار
  • Meaning: showing sharp, clear thought or expression
  • Synonyms: penetrating, sharp, keen, trenchant, astute
  • Antonyms: vague, dull, woolly, superficial
  • Use: The editor wrote an incisive analysis of the budget.