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Lec 2

This lecture provides a foundational overview of International Relations (IR) concepts for the CSS examination. Here are the key takeaways:

1. The North-South Gap & Global Classification

  • The world is classified geographically and economically into the Global North (developed, wealthy nations) and Global South (developing, poorer nations).
  • Historical division (1949–1991): Defined by the First World (Capitalist/Western), Second World (Socialist/Communist bloc), and Third World (Non-aligned nations).
  • Economic development and adoption of Western democratic systems are key factors that traditionally drive a nation's shift toward the Global North.

2. International Society (English School)

  • This concept views the international system as a "society of states" held together by common interests, rules, and values.
  • Rooted in the work of Hedley Bull, it emphasizes that global order is maintained through international law, sovereignty, and diplomatic norms.

3. Realism (Power Politics)

  • Core Philosophy: Politics is the struggle for the pursuit of power for the attainment of national interest.
  • Classical Realism: Led by thinkers like Hans Morgenthau, this theory suggests that state behavior is driven by human nature (selfishness and competition).
  • Neorealism (Structural Realism): Led by Kenneth Waltz, this theory argues that state behavior is dictated by the anarchic structure of the international system rather than individual human traits.
  • Types of Realism:
    • Offensive Realism: Focuses on maximizing power to achieve hegemony (often associated with the USA).
    • Defensive Realism: Focuses on power accumulation primarily for security and survival (often associated with Pakistan).

4. Security Dilemma

  • This is a fundamental concept where one state's attempt to enhance its own security (such as increasing military strength) causes other states to feel threatened, leading them to arm themselves in response. This often results in an unintentional arms race, highlighting the inherent tensions of an anarchic international system.