CSS Prepare

optional · CSS study notes

Application Layer

  • HTTP: web page transfer protocol (stateless, request-response)
  • FTP: file transfer protocol
  • Email protocols: SMTP (sending), POP3/IMAP (retrieving)
  • DNS: translates domain names to IP addresses (a distributed, hierarchical naming system)
  • P2P (Peer-to-Peer) applications: nodes act as both client and server, sharing resources directly without a central server (e.g., BitTorrent)