Volume 2 of 3
General Science & Ability
Biology · Chemistry · Physics · CS · Maths · Logic
60 marks — the highest-weighted single section. Covers Basic Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Environmental Science, Computer Science, Basic Mathematics, and Logical / Analytical Reasoning. The paper evaluates conceptual clarity, numerical accuracy, and reasoning under time pressure — not memorised facts.
- Marks in MPT
- 60 / 200
- MCQs
- 60
- Chapters
- 32
Chapters in this volume
- 00
How to Use This Book
Anatomy of every GSA chapter — High-Yield Snapshot, Concept Anchor, Core Logic Matrix, Trap Zones, Solved Examples, Practice MCQs, and the One-Glance Battle Card.
Read chapter - 01
Human Anatomy & Physiology
Unit I · Biology & Human Health. Highest repeat rate across all MPT papers — blood, digestion, vitamins, organs.
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Cells, Tissues & Cytology
Cell organelles, function-to-organelle mapping. Mitochondria is the most-tested organelle.
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Kingdom Plantae & Animalia
Classification, photosynthesis, plant tissues, vertebrate/invertebrate distinctions.
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Health, Diseases & Anatomical Specifics
Vitamin deficiencies (Scurvy → Vitamin C; Rickets → D; Beriberi → B1), disease vectors, malaria, AIDS.
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The Solar System & Celestial Superlatives
Unit II · Astronomy. Planet order, sizes, moons, rings — and the all-important superlatives.
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Celestial Mechanics & Earth's Motion
Rotation vs revolution, seasons, eclipses, tides, equinox / solstice.
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The Galaxy, Stars & Black Holes
Milky Way, light-years, stellar lifecycle, types of galaxies.
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Atmospheric Interactions & Space Exploration
Atmospheric layers, ozone, space agencies, Pakistan's space milestones (iCube-Qamar 2024).
Read chapter - 09
Pollution, Climate & The Atmosphere
Unit III · Environmental Science. Greenhouse gases, climate change, smog, acid rain.
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Energy, Ecology & Environmental Conventions
Renewable / non-renewable energy, ecosystems, Kyoto, Paris Accord, Montreal Protocol.
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Pakistan's Environmental Landscape
National parks, climate zones, environmental challenges, water resources.
Read chapter - 12
Computer Fundamentals & The AI Revolution
Unit IV · CS & IT — fastest-growing section. 10 MCQs in 2025. RAM/ROM, generations, AI, ML, NLP.
Read chapter - 13
Networking, Cloud Computing & Cyber Security
TCP/IP vs DHCP, SaaS / PaaS / IaaS examples (Gmail = SaaS), firewalls, malware types.
Read chapter - 14
Memory Units, Cyber Security & AI Defense
Bit / Byte / KB / MB / GB / TB conversion, encryption basics, AI-driven security.
Read chapter - 15
Matter, Elements & Atmospheric Composition
Unit V · Chemistry. States of matter, atmospheric gas percentages, periodic table essentials.
Read chapter - 16
Atomic Structure & Nuclear Chemistry
Subatomic particles, isotopes, radioactivity, fission vs fusion.
Read chapter - 17
Acids, Bases, Salts & Everyday Minerals
pH scale, indicators, hardness of water, common laboratory acids.
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Chemical Reactions & Industrial Applications
Combustion, neutralisation, electrolysis, alloys, cement, glass.
Read chapter - 19
Physical Quantities, Measurement & Fluid Mechanics
Unit VI · Physics. SI units, density, pressure, buoyancy, Bernoulli.
Read chapter - 20
Work, Energy, Heat & Thermodynamics
KE = ½mv² (velocity doubles → KE × 4), latent heat, specific heat, transformers.
Read chapter - 21
Modern, Nuclear & Space Physics
EM spectrum (Radio = longest λ; Gamma = shortest), nuclear reactor moderator vs control rod, MRI uses no ionising radiation.
Read chapter - 22
Pakistan's Scientific Institutions & Nuclear Program
SUPARCO (1961, before ISRO 1969), Chagai 1998, KANUPP, PINSTECH, Dr. Samar Mubarakmand.
Read chapter - 23
Pakistani Scientists, Water Infrastructure & Energy Landscape
Abdus Salam (Nobel Physics 1979), Dr. Atta-ur-Rahman (UNESCO Prize), Tarbela, Mangla, CPEC energy projects, Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park (1,000 MW current).
Read chapter - 24
Algebra & Word Problems
Unit VIII · Mathematics & Logic. 16 confirmed questions across 2022–2025 — the most important maths topic.
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Arithmetic, Percentages & BODMAS
Order of operations, percentage change, profit/loss, simple & compound interest.
Read chapter - 26
Ratios, Averages & Mixtures
Direct/inverse proportion, weighted averages, alligation method.
Read chapter - 27
Geometry Basics
Angles, triangles (Pythagoras), circles (area, circumference), quadrilaterals, 3D solids.
Read chapter - 28
Coding, Decoding & Analogies
Letter–number substitution, mirror/water coding, analogical reasoning.
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Syllogisms, Analogies & Logical Deduction
All A are B; some B are C — what follows? Venn-diagram method.
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Blood Relations, Rankings, Seating & Directions
Family tree drawing, linear/circular seating, direction-sense routes.
Read chapter - 31
Number Series & Sequences
Arithmetic, geometric, Fibonacci, prime, square, cube — and mixed-pattern series.
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